Why plant based proteins are not majorly used in feeds in aquaculture?

Hello everyone:
         Today we will see about the antinutritional factors of plant based proteins which is used in aquaculture.... 
Why feed cost is high? 
     Mainly due to presence of high protein and different manufacturing processes. 

 Where the proteins comes from? 
     Mostly animal based ingredients. Very minor only plant based ingredients. 

Why plant based proteins are not majorly used? 
     The main reason is the presence of antinutritional factors in plant based meal. 
    Another reason is the fatty acid profile and some minor nutrient profile which is not properly found in plant based meal compared to animal based ingredients. 

Note : But in some fish species, majorly they using plant based proteins. Take for an example of herbivore species... They mostly prefer plant based meal for the growth. 

Which plant based meal we mostly using? 
       All are heard about soyabean meal in fish or shrimp feed. Which is used in combination with fish meal in feeds. It is mostly used plant based ingredients. 

Now all are focusing about finding the substitute for fish meal. Antinutritional factors have many disadvantages in direct using. . 

Antinutritional factors:
       Antinutritional factors are mostly found in plant based ingredients. It gives many adverse effects to the body. It affects metabolism and energy absorption. Majorly it affects the inner organ in fish and shrimps. Soyabean also have antinutritional factors such as Trypsin inhibitors. 
How they cause toxic effect to animal? 
         If we take raw soyabean meal , it has antinutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid. 
        Trypsin inhibitors cause severe damage to inner body parts especially pancreas in fish. 
The main function of trypsin in body is breakdown of proteins. If trypsin inhibitors present means, then it affects the protein digestibility of an organism. 
     This trypsin inhibitors is present in the soyabean meal. 
How to remove this from Ingredients? 
     Whatever toxins present in the ingredients, it all are mostly heat labile one. It is destructed by heating at certain minutes. But it must need certain degree celsius for certain minutes. If more heat means, then affect other nutritional profiles. 
    By this method of heating in certain time are not majorly changes the other nutritional composition of an ingredients. 
    By doing many treatments like this, then it will increase the cost of production. 

Phytic acid: 
     It is a another major component present in the plant based ingredients which have high protein value.

Why it is present in plants? 
     It is an important nutrient. Mostly present in legumes. This phytic acid present in the form of phosphorus. When these seeds fall and germinates in soil, that time the phosphorus released and give nutrient to the growth. 

How phytic acid affect growth in aquatic organism? 
        It majorly prevents the absorption of important minerals in the body. If you takes these types of ingredients majorly, then it results in minerals deficiency. It combines with the trace minerals and not leads to absorption in body. 

Solution : External addition of phytase enzyme in feed to neutralize the effect of phytic acid. Small concentrations of phytic acid will not affect the organism. 

There are thousands of plant based ingredients available. But the main problem is the presence antinutritive factors in most of legumes. 

        Some of ingredients must be heated or soaked for fermentation for the better intake of fish. This heat and fermentation will eliminate the toxins present in the ingredients. During fermentation, toxins reduced by enzymatic changes. 

  Whatever protein present, we can't fully substitute for the fish meal in aquaculture feed. The another problem is the commercialization of new ingredients in large amount. Anyway, Hope for good. 
                  Thank you🙏. 

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